Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
 Open access journal indexed with Index Medicus & ISI's SCI  
Users online: 1344  
Home | Subscribe | Feedback | Login 
About Latest Articles Back-Issues Articlesmenu-bullet Search Instructions Online Submission Subscribe Etcetera Contact
 
  NAVIGATE Here 
  Search
 
 :: Next article
 :: Previous article 
 :: Table of Contents
  
 RESOURCE Links
 ::  Similar in PUBMED
 ::  Search Pubmed for
 ::  Search in Google Scholar for
 ::Related articles
 ::  [PDF Not available] *
 ::  Citation Manager
 ::  Access Statistics
 ::  Reader Comments
 ::  Email Alert *
 ::  Add to My List *
* Registration required (free) 


  IN THIS Article
 ::  Introduction
 ::  Material and methods
 ::  Results
 ::  Discussion
 ::  Acknowledgement
 ::  References

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed5193    
    Printed126    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded0    
    Comments [Add]    

Recommend this journal


   
Year : 1982  |  Volume : 28  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 210-3

Coagulation studies following mid-trimester intra-amniotic urea injection.







How to cite this article:
Deshmukh M A, Prabhoo M R, Sathe A V, Motashaw N D, Gupta K C, Jarag P D, Satoskar R S. Coagulation studies following mid-trimester intra-amniotic urea injection. J Postgrad Med 1982;28:210


How to cite this URL:
Deshmukh M A, Prabhoo M R, Sathe A V, Motashaw N D, Gupta K C, Jarag P D, Satoskar R S. Coagulation studies following mid-trimester intra-amniotic urea injection. J Postgrad Med [serial online] 1982 [cited 2023 May 28];28:210. Available from: https://www.jpgmonline.com/text.asp?1982/28/4/210/5598




  ::   Introduction Top

Various procedures are used for the termination of a second trimester pregnancy. Hypertonic saline is gradually being replaced by new drugs such as prostaglandins[9],[10],[11],[12] and hyperosmolar usea[6], [9], [10] as hypertonic saline has been known to cause a higher incidence of coagulation changes.[1], [7], [12], [15] This study describes the coagulation changes in patients who received intro-amniotic usea for second trimester abortion.

  ::   Material and methods Top

Forty patients between the ages of 16 and 36 years were studied. Their gravid status varied from primigravida to fourth gravida. The period of gestation varied from 16 to 20 weeks. All the patients were admitted to the hospital on the day of the procedure. 150 to 180 ml of a solution of 40% urea (depending on the size of the uterus) were injected intro-amniotically. Ten ml of blood from the antecubital vein was collected, pre-abortal, 12 and 24 hours after urea administration and post-abortal. The following coagulation tests were carried out-(1) prothrombin time[14] (2) partial thromboplastin time (PTT)[1], [2] (3) thrombin time[1], [2], [14] (4) Platelet aggregation[3] (5) platelet adhesiveness[13] (6) fibrinogen (7) platelet count and (8) euglobulin lysis time.[4]
Patients who failed to abort within 24 hours received an oxytocin drip containing 10 units of pitocin in 500 ml of 5% glucose. If there was no expulsion of the foetus, a second and a third unit of glucose containing 20 units and 30 units of pitocin respectively was administered.

  ::   Results Top

Out of 40 cases receiving intro-amniotic urea, 9 patients aborted within 24 hours; the remaining patients required oxytocin for completion of abortion. Thirty-five cases aborted within 48 hours, giving a success rate of 88%. The mean induction abortion interval was 32.7 hours with a range varying from 14 to 50 hours.
Changes in coagulation factors and platelet functions before and after intra amniotic urea instillation are summarised in [Table 1] & [Table 2] respectively. Statistical analysis of this data revealed no significant changes in various coagulation tests, at 12 hours, 24 hours and post-abortal following urea instillation, as compared to basal values.
Blood urea estimation was carried out in 7 subjects. The mean basal level was 19.9 ± 3.0 mg;/, as compared to 35.8 ± 16.5 mg% following intra-amniotic urea. In all the 7 cases, blood urea showed a significant rise (p < 0.05). However, the various coagulation parameters in these subjects were within normal range.

  ::   Discussion Top

Alteration in blood coagulation parameters following the intra-amniotic administration of hypertonic saline for midtrimester abortion is well recognised and fatal complications have been reported.[7] Intra-amniotic hyperosmolar urea has been suggested as an alternative to intra-amniotic saline. In the study by Burkman et al,[5] among the 1,133 cases receiving intra-amniotic saline, 6 cases developed coagulopathy, while in 1600 cases receiving hyperosmolar urea only 2 had coagulopathy. Similarly, although the studies by King et al[10] revealed subclinical changes in certain coagulation parameters, in association with amnioinfusion of hyperosmolar urea with or without PGF2-alpha, the frequency of such abnormalities and degree of change appeared much less than those with hypertonic sodium chloride. Our studies indicate that although some changes may appear following amnioinfusion of hypertonic urea, these changes were not statistically significantly different.
Use of intravenous oxytocin appears to increase the incidence of consumptive coagulopathy in cases receiving hypertonic saline. Cohen and Ballard[7] found that coagulopathy is more frequent when oxytocin is immediately begun after intra-amniotic saline, and it is suggested that oxytocin should be withheld for 48 hours after administration of saline. In the present study, oxytocin was started only after 24 hours, and although 31 cases (77%) aborted after 24 hours, there was no case showing clinical evidence of coagulopathy. In this respect, urea may be an effective and a safer abortifacient, as compared to intra-amniotic saline.
Bleeding tendency in renal failure has been documented.[8] It is usually associated with marked nitrogen retention. Changes in blood urea concentration observed in this study, though statistically significant, cannot be considered as very high and they are unlikely to cause abnormalities of platelet function. However, amnioinfusion of urea should be used cautiously in the presence of renal failure.

  ::   Acknowledgement Top

We thank Dr. V. N. Purandare, Head of the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, K.E.M. Hospital and Dr. C. K. Deshpande, Dean, K.E.M. Hospital and Seth G.S. Medical College, Bombay-400 012, India, for permitting us to present the hospital data.

  ::   References Top

1.Biggs, R.: "Human Blood Coagulation, Hemostasis, Thrombosis". Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, 1972, pp. 602-675.  Back to cited text no. 1    
2.Biggs, R. and Douglas, A. S.: The thromboplastin generation test. J. Clin. Path., 6:23-25 1953.  Back to cited text no. 2    
3.Born, G. V.: Aggregation of blood platelets by adenosine diphosphate and its reversal. Nature, 194: 927-929, 1962.  Back to cited text no. 3    
4.Buckell, M.: The effect of citrate on euglobulin methods of estimating fibrinolytic activity. J. Clin. Path., 11: 403-405, 1958.  Back to cited text no. 4    
5.Burkman, R. T., Bell, W. R., Atienza, M. F. and King, T. M.: Coagulopathy with mid-trimester induced abortion associated with hyperosmolar urea administration. Amer. J. Obstet. & Gynecol., 127: 533-536, 1977.  Back to cited text no. 5    
6.Burnett, L. S., King, T. M., Atienza, M. F. and Bell, W. R.: Intra-amniotic urea as a mid-trimester abortifacient: Clinical results and serum and urinary changes. Amer. J. Obstet. & Gynecol., 121: 7-16, 1975.  Back to cited text no. 6    
7.Cohen, E. and Ballard, C. A.: Consumptive coagulopathy associated with intra-amniotic saline instillation and the effect of intravenous oxytocin. Obstet. & Gynecol., 43: 300-303, 1974.  Back to cited text no. 7    
8.de Gruchy, C. C.: "Clinical Haematology in Medical Practice" . Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, 1978, pp. 636.  Back to cited text no. 8    
9.Kawada, C. Y.: Technique of second trimester abortion. Clin. Obstet. & Gynec., 20: 833-847, 1977.  Back to cited text no. 9    
10.King, T. M., Atienza, M. F., Burkman, R. T., Burnett, L. S. and Bell, W. R.: The synergistic activity of intro-amniotic PGF 2 a. and urea in midtrimester elective abortion. Amer. J. Obstet. & Gynecol., 120: 704-718, 1974.  Back to cited text no. 10    
11.Weiner, G. J., Greston, W. M., Saldana. L. R., Yang, W. H. and Schulman, H.: Coagulation changes during intro-amniotic prostaglandin-induced abortion. Obstet. & Gynaecol., 44: 757-761, 1974.  Back to cited text no. 11    
12.MacKenzie. I. Z., Sayers, L., Bonnar, J. and Hillier, K.: Coagulation changes during second trimester abortion induced by intro-amniotic Prostagiandin Ez & hypertonic saline solution Lancet, 2: 10661069, 1915.  Back to cited text no. 12    
13.MacKenzie, R. D., Thompson, R. J. and Gleason, E. M.: Evaluation of a quantitative platelet collagen adhesiveness system. Thrombosis Research, 5: 99-105, 1974.  Back to cited text no. 13    
14.Quick, A. J.: The prothrombin in hemophilia and in obstructive jaundice. J. Biol. Chem, 109: LXXIII-LXXIV, 1935 (In scientific proceedings of the Society of Biological Chemists).  Back to cited text no. 14    
15.Schwartz, R., Greston, W. and Kleiner, G. J.: Dafibrination in saline abortion. Obstet. & Gynecol., 40: 728-737, 1972.  Back to cited text no. 15    

Top
Print this article  Email this article
Previous article Next article
Online since 12th February '04
© 2004 - Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
Official Publication of the Staff Society of the Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow