| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 20408 | | | Printed | 345 | | | Emailed | 3 | | | PDF Downloaded | 743 | | | Comments | [Add] | | | Cited by others | 60 | | |
|
Click on image for details.
|
|
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
|
|
| Year : 2007 | Volume
: 53
| Issue : 2 | Page : 102-107 |
Translation and validation of brief patient health questionnaire against DSM IV as a tool to diagnose major depressive disorder in Indian patients
PH Kochhar1, SS Rajadhyaksha2, VR Suvarna2
1 Medical Advisor, Pfizer, India
2 Senior Manager, Pfizer, Mumbai, India
| Date of Submission | 13-Sep-2006 |
| Date of Decision | 09-Feb-2007 |
| Date of Acceptance | 05-Mar-2007 |
Correspondence Address:
P H Kochhar
Medical Advisor, Pfizer
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.32209
Context: Depression is frequently encountered in the primary care setting but is often unrecognized and hence untreated. There is a need for a uniform user-friendly screening instrument for depression for primary healthcare personnel in India. Aims: Translation and validation of the brief patient health questionnaire (BPHQ) as a screening tool for depression in major Indian languages. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study conducted at 18 sites, in psychiatric and general clinics. The English version of the BPHQ was translated into 11 Indian languages. The translations were reviewed by experts and volunteers and proofread for the final translated BPHQ. The validation exercise included more than 3000 subjects. A psychiatrist and a psychiatry social worker / coordinator conducted the study under the supervision of the principal investigator. For each language, the presence or absence of major depressive disorder (MDD) as diagnosed with the help of a patient-completed BPHQ and the psychiatrist DSM-IV diagnosis was matched. The kappa coefficient was used as a measure of inter-observer agreement between the two diagnostic methods. Results: Seven languages failed the primary validation exercise. These translations were reviewed and the updated versions, after proofreading were re-run for validation. The self-administered BPHQ was successfully translated and validated for diagnosis of MDD against DSM-IV diagnosis made by a psychiatrist, in English, Hindi, Marathi, Oriya, Malayalam, Assamese, Gujarati, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali and Tamil. Conclusions: BPHQ is a simple, quick and reliable instrument, which facilitates rapid and accurate diagnosis of depression in the primary care setting in our country.
Keywords: Brief patient health questionnaire, depression, primary care, PRIME MD Today
How to cite this article:
Kochhar P H, Rajadhyaksha S S, Suvarna V R. Translation and validation of brief patient health questionnaire against DSM IV as a tool to diagnose major depressive disorder in Indian patients. J Postgrad Med 2007;53:102-7 |
How to cite this URL:
Kochhar P H, Rajadhyaksha S S, Suvarna V R. Translation and validation of brief patient health questionnaire against DSM IV as a tool to diagnose major depressive disorder in Indian patients. J Postgrad Med [serial online] 2007 [cited 2023 Jun 4];53:102-7. Available from: https://www.jpgmonline.com/text.asp?2007/53/2/102/32209 |
Mental disorders in primary care though common, are frequently unrecognized and thus go untreated.[1] Studies have explored the clinical presentation of common mental disorders in primary healthcare settings. Among all psychiatric disorders detected in primary care units, depressive and anxiety disorders undoubtedly constitute a large proportion.[2],[3] Patients with depression, particularly those seen by primary care physicians, may report somatic symptoms, such as headache, constipation, weakness or back pain.[4],[5] Some previous studies have suggested that patients in non-Western countries are more likely to report somatic symptoms than are patients in Western countries.[4],[6],[7],[8] Moreover, patients from non-Western cultures and those of lower socioeconomic status are less willing or less able to express emotional distress.[4],[9],[10],[11]
Despite the enormity and increasing awareness regarding psychiatric morbidity, primary care physicians often find themselves unequipped to diagnose and handle depression since they may not be adequately trained.[12],[13] Several screening tools like self reporting questionnaire (SRQ), Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS) and Beck depression inventory (BDI) have been studied in Indian patients.[14],[15],[16] Although there have been efforts towards developing screening instruments for common mental disorders in primary care, there is a need for a uniform user-friendly screening instrument to be made available to primary healthcare personnel across most regions in India. The original Prime-MD today (primary care evaluation of mental disorders) questionnaire was accordingly designed as an effective screening tool to assist the primary care physicians.[17] The present study was aimed to provide such a screening tool for depression, by translation of the elements of the brief patient health questionnaire (BPHQ) pertaining to diagnosis of depression, (derived from Prime-MD Today) into various Indian languages and validation against a DSM-IV diagnosis arrived at by a clinical interview conducted by a psychiatrist.
| :: Materials and Methods | |  |
The development of the original Prime-MD Today questionnaire and also the present study in India was funded by Pfizer. The study was conducted by a group of eminent psychiatrists -The Prime-MD study group (principal investigators of the study). The study was conducted at 18 sites, in psychiatric and general clinics. The investigator was responsible for obtaining the Ethics Committee approval at the institution. Written informed consent was obtained from each subject prior to his/her participation in the study. The protocol was developed in consultation with the Prime-MD study group. Pfizer personnel were not involved in the conduct of this exercise. The participating sites are listed in [Table - 1].
Inclusion criteria: Patients (age>18 years) presenting with one or more of the following: Tiredness or weakness for > two weeks, multiple aches and pains without any obvious underlying organic causality, sleep disturbance for > two weeks, feeling down or worthless or recent noticeable weight change.
Exclusion criteria: Major medical disease or severe symptoms requiring immediate medical attention, pharmacotherapy which may alter patient's responses, e.g., hypnotics, any psychotropic medication, any cognitive deficits or mental retardation.
The exercise was carried out for the following languages: Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. The validation was also carried out for the English version of the BPHQ.
Translation: The English version of the BPHQ was translated into Indian languages by experienced translators affiliated to a major translator bureau (Bhasha Bharati). The relevant translation was reviewed by healthcare professionals, including a psychiatrist, familiar with the local language at each site. The questionnaire was also administered to 10 nonpatient volunteers at each site and their input on understandability of language obtained. The site provided comprehensive feedback on the BPHQ which was discussed with the translator and appropriate modifications incorporated into the BPHQ. This was back translated to ensure intact content. This BPHQ was then reviewed and proofread by a different translator for the final translated BPHQ. The translation process is depicted in [Figure - 1].
Validation
The validation exercise included approximately 300 subjects for each language. A psychiatrist and a psychiatry social worker / coordinator conducted the study under the supervision of the principal investigator. Subjects presenting to the general / medical and psychiatry outpatient clinics fulfilling the eligibility criteria were selected for further evaluation on obtaining consent. The subjects then completed the BPHQ and their response documented. In the event that the subject was illiterate, the BPHQ was read out to them without any modifications / explanations to the questionnaire. Subsequently they were referred to the study psychiatrists who were blinded to the results of the BPHQ. The psychiatrist conducted a detailed clinical interview and arrived at a DSM-IV diagnosis if relevant. This completed the study requirement for each subject and they were referred to the appropriate clinic for further follow-up or treatment. The BPHQ diagnosis and psychiatrist interview diagnosis were compiled for each subject by the coordinator. The validation process is depicted in [Figure - 2].
Statistical analysis
For each language, the presence or absence of a major depressive disorder (MDD) as diagnosed with the help of a patient-completed BPHQ and the psychiatrist DSM-IV diagnosis was matched. Kappa coefficient was used as the measure of agreement between the two diagnostic methods. The kappa statistic measures agreement above and beyond that expected by chance alone. The sample size calculation was based on the measure Kappa for MDD. It was expected that in the selected population of subjects who satisfied the eligibility criteria, the prevalence of depression would be around 50%. Based on the results in the PHQ Primary Care study,[1] it was expected that the Kappa would be around 0.6. To estimate the value of kappa in the population within an error of ±0.1 with 95% confidence and 80% power, a sample of size 246 was required for each of the languages considered. To ensure that data for at least 246 subjects would be available, 300 subjects were enrolled for each language.
A Kappa coefficient of < 0.5 was considered inadequate to confirm agreement between the two modalities of diagnosis irrespective of the sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy.
The analysis was carried out independently for each language. Other descriptive statistics such as sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy were calculated. Data management was done independently by the Biometrics Division, Pfizer.
| :: Results | | |
The results of the validation exercise for all the languages are detailed in [Table - 2]. The sensitivity, specificity, overall accuracy and the kappa coefficient of agreement of the BPHQ instrument in comparison to psychiatrist DSM-IV diagnosis are tabulated.
Seven languages namely Hindi, Gujarati, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali, Tamil and Punjabi failed the validation exercise. These translations (except Punjabi) were reviewed and language modifications were made in consultation with site personnel and local language experts, enhancing comprehension. The updated versions, after review and proofreading were taken up for a re-run of the validation exercise. The results of the validation exercise on the updated BPHQ instruments in Hindi, Gujarati, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali and Tamil are tabulated in [Table - 3].
The languages in which the BPHQ instrument was successfully validated are listed in [Table - 4]. The validation exercise was unsuccessful for Punjabi and Urdu languages.
| :: Discussion | | |
The present study successfully translated and validated the BPHQ in 11 languages as a tool to assist the physicians for diagnosing depression [Figure - 3]. In developing countries such as India, major depression is projected to become the leading cause of disease burden by 2020. Although epidemiological data from large, well-conducted prevalence studies is lacking, depression is thought to be quite common throughout India. A cross-cultural study conducted by WHO to study the prevalence of mental disorders in primary care settings estimated the prevalence of depression in Bangalore to be 9.1%.[4] Extrapolating this to the population of India, the number is overwhelming. Thus, to maximize healthcare benefits, a combined effort from both psychiatrists and physicians would be desirable. Moreover, depressed patients commonly approach the physicians first, before seeking a psychiatric opinion. Diagnosing depression is the primary step in this context that requires adequate understanding of the presenting symptoms.
The original Prime MD Today questionnaire was accordingly designed as an effective screening tool to assist the primary care physicians.[17] The Prime MD Today consists of a Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and a BPHQ. The PHQ is a four-page questionnaire which helps to assess depression, anxiety, alcohol, somatoform and eating disorders in addition to psychosocial stressors and women's reproductive health. The BPHQ is a one-sheet questionnaire which helps to assess depression and panic disorders.[1] Prime MD Today has been developed keeping in mind the needs of busy clinicians. It is a simple, quick and reliable instrument, which facilitates rapid and accurate diagnosis of depression. This instrument also finds mention in reputed textbooks such as Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine[18] and Kaplan and Sadocks Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry.[19]
Internationally, Prime MD Today is available in English, Spanish, Greek, Italian and Vietnamese. To address the diversity in language and to suit the local needs, this study translated and validated the nine questions of the BPHQ pertaining to depression (PHQ-9), in a number of Indian regional languages with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Patient questionnaires were translated in all major regional languages [Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Bengali, Oriya, Punjabi, Telugu and Assamese]. Each of these languages (including the English version) had been validated in approximately 300 patients per language leading to a total of >3000 patients.
In the first attempt the validation exercise failed in seven out of 11 languages. On further review and analysis, the following factors were determined to have contributed to the variation in accuracy for various languages. The profile of patients may have contributed to the discrepancy between Kappa values for various languages. The accuracy was higher in languages that were validated in metro cities and this could be due to the awareness and ease of responding to such questionnaires.
Secondly, in terms of the language of the translation, the Hindi and Marathi language translations were reviewed and it was observed that the Hindi translation included qualifiers, which were missing in the English (original) and Marathi version. The language used though technically accurate was complex and sometimes difficult to understand. The BPHQ translations not being simple enough for the local population was a possibility. The language of these questionnaires was modified and simplified while maintaining the integrity and content of the questions.
The BPHQ is simple because patients themselves can fill in the questions. It is quick since the primary care physician (PCP) takes less than three minutes to review the filled-in questionnaire and make a diagnosis of MDD. It is reliable as it has been field tested and validated in more than 3300 patient samples. The result of the validation study shows high sensitivity (ability to detect true positive cases of MDD) and specificity (ability to detect true negative cases of MDD). The entire exercise was accomplished over two years. Subsequently, workshops have been conducted across the country by psychiatrists to train the PCPs regarding the use of the tool.
One of the limitations of this study is the inclusion of patients both from the general OPDs as well as psychiatry clinics. However conducting this exercise exclusively in a primary care setting would have made the logistics for the validation process against a detailed psychiatric interview extremely difficult, thus requiring its conduct in multidisciplinary institutes. Another limitation is lack of using standardized instruments (e.g., SCID or CIDI) for the diagnostic interview. This can be justified on the grounds that the aim of this exercise was to validate this questionnaire against an accepted form of clinical diagnosis in the real world setting by psychiatrists in India. The principal investigators in this study were experienced senior psychiatrists from renowned institutions having academic as well as research backgrounds.
Future research directions could be targeted towards employing this instrument in the field/primary care setting and comparing the results against a standardized diagnostic instrument. Another exercise could be using this instrument to assess the prevalence of MDD in various outpatient settings like diabetic and pain clinics. Moreover, it could also be studied for its utility as a prognostic tool to assess improvement following antidepressant medication over time.
The BPHQ should be administered to patients in whom underlying depression is suspected or to those complaining of recurrent somatic symptoms without any biological basis. The instrument can also be administered to patients with chronic disorders such as stroke, myocardial infarction and diabetes mellitus. It is estimated that MDD exists in 36% of patients with coexistent medical conditions and may be more common in hospitalized and elderly patients.[20]
| :: Conclusion | | |
The self-administered BPHQ has been successfully translated and validated for diagnosis of MDD against DSM-IV diagnosis made by a psychiatrist, in the following Indian languages: Hindi, Marathi, Oriya, Malayalam, Assamese, Gujarati, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali, English and Tamil. It offers great utility as a brief, simple and effective screening tool for depression in the primary care setting in our country.
| :: Acknowledgments | | |
This study was sponsored by Pfizer India. The authors wish to thank Mr. Chanderbhan Vasandani for study conduct and Dr. Chitra Lele from Biometrics, Dev Ops Pfizer India for data management, the patients and their relatives. We acknowledge and sincerely thank the investigators of the PRIME MD Study Group for their wholehearted support in the study.
Annexure
PRIME MD Study Group
Dr. Avasthi Ajit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh; Dr. Banerjee T. K, Clinic M, Calcutta; Dr. Bhagabathi Dipesh, Guwathi Medical College Hospital, Assam; Dr. ChandraKar Gopal, Mental Health, SCB Medical College, Cuttack; Dr. Chowdhury A. N, Institute of Psychiatry, Calcutta; Dr. Ghosal Malay, Medical College and Hospital, Calcutta; Dr. Krishnamurthy, Institute of Mental Health, Hyderabad; Dr. Mehta Manju, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Dr. Mondol Dilip, R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital, Calcutta; Dr. Pai Nagesh, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore; Dr. Parkar Shubhangi, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai; Dr. Raju N.N, Institute of Mental Health, Vishakhapatnam; Dr. Sathianathan R, Madras Medical College and Government General Hospital, Chennai; Dr. Sharma P. S. V. N, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal; Dr. Som S. K, Anantagram Hospital, Calcutta; Dr. Tharyan Pratap, Christian Medical College, Vellore; Dr. Trivedi J. K, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow; Dr. Vankar G. K, B. J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad
| :: References | | |
| 1. | Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA 1999;282:1737-44.  |
| 2. | Ganguli HC. Epidemiological findings on prevalence of mental disorders in India. Indian J Psychiatr 2000;42:14-20. |
| 3. | Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, et al . The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Co-morbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA 2003;289:3095-105. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 4. | Simon GE, VonKorff M, Piccinelli M, Fullerton C, Ormel J. An international study of the relation between somatic symptoms and depression. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1329-35. [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
| 5. | In : Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Primary care version. APA: Washington, DC; 1995. |
| 6. | Kleinman A. Neurasthenia and depression: A study of somatization and culture in China. Cult Med Psychiatry 1982;6:117-90. [PUBMED] |
| 7. | Pfeiffer W. The symptomatology of depression viewed transculturally. Transcult Psychiatry Res Rev 1968;5:121-4. |
| 8. | Bhatt A, Tomenson B, Benjamin S. Transcultural patterns of somatization in primary care: A preliminary report. J Psychosom Res 1989;33:671-80. [PUBMED] |
| 9. | Lerner J, Noy P. Somatic complaints in psychiatric disorders: Social and cultural factors. Int J Soc Psychiatr 1968;14:145-50. |
| 10. | Katon W, Kleinman A, Rosen G. Depression and somatization: A review. Part I. Am J Med 1982;72:127-35. |
| 11. | Leff JP. Culture and the differentiation of emotional states. Br J Psychiatry 1973;123:299-306. [PUBMED] |
| 12. | Haar E, Green MR, Hyams L, Jaffe J. Varied needs of primary physicians for psychiatric resources. II. (Subjective factors). Psychosomatics 1972;13:255-62. |
| 13. | Chowdhury AN, Ghosh S, Sanyal D. Bengali Adaptation of Brief Patient Health Questionnaire for screening depression at primary care. J Indian Med Assoc 2004;102:544-7. [PUBMED] |
| 14. | Sen B, Williams P. The extent and nature of depressive phenomena in primary health care. A study in Calcutta, India. Br J Psychiatry 1987;151:486-93. |
| 15. | Kishore J, Reddaiah V, Kapoor V, Gill J. Characteristics of mental morbidity in a rural primary health centre of Haryana. Indian J Psychiatry 1996;38:137-42. |
| 16. | Amin G, Shah S, Vankar GK. The Prevalence and recognition of depression in primary care. Indian J Psychiatry 1998;40:364-9. |
| 17. | Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Kroenke K, Linzer M, deGruy FV 3rd, Hahn SR, et al . Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care: The Prime-MD 1000 Study. JAMA 1994;272: 1749-56. [PUBMED] |
| 18. | Reus VI. Mental Disorders. In : Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, editors. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 15th ed. International Edition. Mc Graw Hill: USA; 2001. p. 2543. |
| 19. | Blacker B. Psychiatry Rating Scales. In : Sadock B, Sadock V, editors. Kaplan and Sadocks' Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 7th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: New York; 2000. p. 764. |
| 20. | Leon FG, Ashton AK, D'Mello DA, Dantz B, Hefner J, Matson GA, et al . Depression and comorbid medical illness: Therapeutic and diagnostic challenges. J Fam Pract 2003;S19-33. |
[Figure - 1], [Figure - 2], [Figure - 3]
[Table - 1], [Table - 2], [Table - 3], [Table - 4]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
The systematic medical appraisal, referral and treatment (SMART) mental health programme: Formative research informing a cluster randomized controlled trial |
|
| Mercian Daniel, Amanpreet Kaur, Ankita Mukherjee, Amritendu Bhattacharya, Abha Tewari, Rajesh Sagar, Shashi Kant, David Peiris, Pallab K. Maulik | | SSM - Mental Health. 2023; : 100223 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale in Hindi: Toward capturing palliative needs and concerns in Hindi speaking patients |
|
| Tushti Bhardwaj, Rachel L Chambers, Harry Watson, Srividya, Irene J Higginson, Mevhibe B Hocaoglu | | Palliative Medicine. 2023; : 0269216322 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Measurement of unmet healthcare needs to assess progress on universal health coverage - exploring a novel approach based on household surveys |
|
| Alok Ranjan, Sundararaman Thiagarajan, Samir Garg | | BMC Health Services Research. 2023; 23(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
A pilot study adapting and validating the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) and PTSD checklist-5 (PCL-5) with Indian women from slums reporting gender-based violence |
|
| Anushka R. Patel, Elana Newman, Julia Richardson | | BMC Women's Health. 2022; 22(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
An intervention to reduce stigma and improve management of depression, risk of suicide/self-harm and other significant emotional or medically unexplained complaints among adolescents living in urban slums: protocol for the ARTEMIS project |
|
| Sandhya Kanaka Yatirajula, Sudha Kallakuri, Srilatha Paslawar, Ankita Mukherjee, Amritendu Bhattacharya, Susmita Chatterjee, Rajesh Sagar, Ashok Kumar, Heidi Lempp, Usha Raman, Renu Singh, Beverley Essue, Laurent Billot, David Peiris, Robyn Norton, Graham Thornicroft, Pallab K. Maulik | | Trials. 2022; 23(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Assessment of psychiatric disorders in consultation-liaison setting |
|
| MalayKumar Ghosal, AnindyaKumar Ray | | Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2022; 64(8): 211 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric issues in persons with COVID-19 infection: A case-control online study from India–Neorealist study |
|
| Mrugesh Vaishnav, Sandeep Grover, Parth Vaishnav, Kamal Sharma, Ajit Avasthi | | Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2022; 64(5): 473 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Prevalence of Depression in Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
|
| Sajal De | | The Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences. 2022; 53(1): 35 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Anxiety and Worry About COVID-19 Infection are Associated with Less Confidence in Ability to Engage in Treatment: Results from a South India Cohort of People Living with HIV (PLWH) |
|
| Maria L Ekstrand, Elsa Heylen, Matilda Pereira, Sara Chandy, Krishnamachari Srinivasan | | Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC). 2022; 21: 2325958222 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Anxiety and depression among women with COVID-19 infection during childbirth—experience from a tertiary care academic center |
|
| Sumitra Bachani, Sushree Monika Sahoo, Sachin Nagendrappa, Anjali Dabral, Prabha Chandra | | AJOG Global Reports. 2022; 2(1): 100033 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Found in Translation? The Effectiveness of Counselling Using an Interpreter, Compared to Counselling with a Same Language Counsellor, in a Non-English Speaking Population |
|
| Anne T. Klein Schiphorst, Nina Levi, John Manley | | International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Quality of Life in Adolescent Girls with Dysmenorrhoea in a Remote Area of Western Rajasthan |
|
| Kamala Verma, Girish Chandra Baniya | | The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Using a Continuous Traumatic Stress Framework to Examine Ongoing Adversity Among Indian Women from Slums: A Mixed-Methods Exploration |
|
| Sriramya Potluri, Anushka R. Patel | | Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2021; 34(5): 917 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Correlates of social support in individuals with a diagnosis of common mental disorders and non communicable medical diseases in rural South India |
|
| Susan Thomas, Krishnamachari Srinivasan, Elsa Heylen, Maria L. Ekstrand | | Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2021; 56(9): 1623 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
The Agrarian distress: Factors explaining the will to live among rural and distressed family farmers |
|
| Raksha Kandlur, Srishti Sardana, Randall Richardson-Vejlgaard | | Psychiatry Research Communications. 2021; : 100019 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Anxiety, depression and harmful use of alcohol in severe chronic plaque psoriasis: A cross-sectional study |
|
| Avijit Mathur, Shekhar Neema, Rajesh Sahu, S. Radhakrishnan | | Medical Journal Armed Forces India. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Economic abuse and its associations with symptoms of common mental disorders among women in a cross-sectional survey in informal settlements in Mumbai, India |
|
| Suman Kanougiya, Nayreen Daruwalla, Lu Gram, Apoorwa Deepak Gupta, Muthusamy Sivakami, David Osrin | | BMC Public Health. 2021; 21(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Depression, combined visual and hearing impairment (dual sensory impairment): a hidden multi-morbidity among the elderly in Residential Care in India |
|
| Srinivas Marmamula, Thirupathi Reddy Kumbham, Satya Brahmanandam Modepalli, Navya Rekha Barrenkala, Ratnakar Yellapragada, Rahul Shidhaye | | Scientific Reports. 2021; 11(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety during the COVID-19 Pandemic among the Residents of an Urban Slum in North India |
|
| Tanveer Rehman, Tarundeep Singh, Sugandhi Sharma, Jitender Kumar, Dhanajayan Govindan, Shubh Mohan Singh | | Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice. 2021; 12(01): 153 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Relationship between spirituality and depression among patients with malignant cancer at a selected tertiary care Institute - A study from North India |
|
| Hoineiting Rebecca Haokip, Himani Chauhan, Ishparshi Rawat, Jyoti Mehra, Jyoti Jyoti, Kanica Sharma, Kavita Sachan, Kirandeep Kaur, Malini Krishal, Amali Mery, Dinesh K., Sharma, Belsiyal C., Xavier | | Journal of Psychosocial Oncology. 2021; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Role of geospatial mapping in the planning of HIV programs |
|
| Sandeep Prabhu, Shruti H. Mehta, Allison M. McFall, Aylur K. Srikrishnan, Canjeevaram K. Vasudevan, Gregory M. Lucas, David D. Celentano, Sunil S. Solomon | | Medicine. 2021; 100(34): e27092 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes: Findings from North Indian pregnancy cohort |
|
| Ranadip Chowdhury, Nitika ?, Tarun Shankar Choudhary, Neeta Dhabhai, Pratima Mittal, Rupali Dewan, Jasmine Kaur, Ritu Chaudhary, Anuradha Tamaria, Rajiv Bahl, Sunita Taneja, Nita Bhandari | | Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Depression Among Adolescents in a Rural Area of Haryana, India: A Community-Based Study Using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 |
|
| Aditi Mohta, Sumit Malhotra, Sanjeev K Gupta, Kalaivani Mani, Bichitra N Patra, Baridalyne Nongkynrih | | Cureus. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Quantifying the influence of location of residence on blood pressure in urbanising South India: a path analysis with multiple mediators |
|
| Tina B. Sørensen, Stijn Vansteelandt, Robin Wilson, John Gregson, Bhavani Shankar, Sanjay Kinra, Alan D. Dangour | | Epidemiologic Methods. 2021; 10(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Rapid survey of psychological status of health-care workers during the early outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic: A single-centre study at a tertiary care hospital in Northern India |
|
| Rajesh Kumar, Anindya Das, Vanya Singh, PuneetKumar Gupta, YogeshArvind Bahurupi | | Journal of Medical Evidence. 2021; 2(3): 213 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
An integrated community and primary healthcare worker intervention to reduce stigma and improve management of common mental disorders in rural India: protocol for the SMART Mental Health programme |
|
| Mercian Daniel, Pallab K. Maulik, Sudha Kallakuri, Amanpreet Kaur, Siddhardha Devarapalli, Ankita Mukherjee, Amritendu Bhattacharya, Laurent Billot, Graham Thornicroft, Devarsetty Praveen, Usha Raman, Rajesh Sagar, Shashi Kant, Beverley Essue, Susmita Chatterjee, Shekhar Saxena, Anushka Patel, David Peiris | | Trials. 2021; 22(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Quality of life and its determinants in patients with diabetes mellitus from two health institutions of sub-himalayan region of India |
|
| Jyoti Gupta, Dheeraj Kapoor, Vivek Sood | | Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2021; 25(3): 211 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Effectiveness of a Brief Psychological Intervention Delivered by Nurse for Depression in Pregnancy: Study Protocol for a Multicentric Randomized Controlled Trial from India |
|
| Pracheth Raghuveer, Ramdas Ransing, Prerna Kukreti, Mahesh Mahadevaiah, Wafaa Abdelhakim Elbahaey, Satish Iyengar, Harish Pemde, Smita N. Deshpande | | Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2020; 42(6_suppl): S23 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
The Young Lives Matter study protocol: A case-control study of the determinants of suicide attempts in young people in India |
|
| Madhumitha Balaji, Lakshmi Vijayakumar, Michael Phillips, Smita Panse, Manjeet Santre, Soumitra Pathare, Vikram Patel | | Wellcome Open Research. 2020; 5: 262 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
Validity, reliability and cut-offs of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 as a screening tool for depression among patients living with epilepsy in Rwanda |
|
| Fidèle Sebera, Joao Ricardo Nickenig Vissoci, Josiane Umwiringirwa, Dirk E. Teuwen, Paul E. Boon, Peter Dedeken, Thach Duc Tran | | PLOS ONE. 2020; 15(6): e0234095 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
Burden of preconception morbidity in women of reproductive age from an urban setting in North India |
|
| Ranadip Chowdhury, Sunita Taneja, Neeta Dhabhai, Sarmila Mazumder, Ravi Prakash Upadhyay, Sitanshi Sharma, Ananya Tupaki-Sreepurna, Rupali Dewan, Pratima Mittal, Harish Chellani, Rajiv Bahl, Maharaj Kishan Bhan, Nita Bhandari, Frank Wieringa | | PLOS ONE. 2020; 15(6): e0234768 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Comments on psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdown: An online survey from India |
|
| Sandeep Grover, Swapnajeet Sahoo, Aseem Mehra, Ajit Avasthi, Adarsh Tripathi, Alka Subramanyan, Amrit Pattojoshi, GPrasad Rao, Gautam Saha, KK Mishra, Kaustav Chakraborty, NarenP Rao, Mrugesh Vaishnav, OmPrakash Singh, PK Dalal, RakeshK Chadda, Ravi Gupta, Shiv Gautam, Siddharth Sarkar, TS Sathyanarayana Rao, Vinay Kumar, YC Janardran Reddy | | Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 62(5): 595 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
Depression prevalence, its psychosocial and clinical predictors, in diabetes mellitus patients attending two health institutions of north India catering rural population |
|
| Jyoti Gupta, Dheeraj Kapoor, Vivek Sood, Sukhjit Singh, Neeraj Sharma, Pankaj Kanwar | | Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 62(5): 566 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Expulsion from the Motherland: Association between Depression & Health-Related Quality of Life for Ethnic Rohingya Living with Refugee Status in Bangladesh |
|
| K M Amran Hossain, Lori M. Walton, S. M. Yasir Arafat, Nidiorin Maybee, Rubel Hossen Sarker, Shahoriar Ahmed, Feroz Kabir | | Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health. 2020; 16(1): 46 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
Establishing reliability and validity for mental health screening instruments in resource-constrained settings: Systematic review of the PHQ-9 and key recommendations |
|
| Haley A. Carroll, Kimberly Hook, Oscar F. Rojas Perez, Christy Denckla, Christine Cooper Vince, Senait Ghebrehiwet, Kanako Ando, Mia Touma, Christina P.C. Borba, Gregory L. Fricchione, David C. Henderson | | Psychiatry Research. 2020; 291: 113236 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
Validation of hindi version of Edinburgh postnatal depression scale as a screening tool for antenatal depression |
|
| Udita Joshi, Tanica Lyngdoh, Rahul Shidhaye | | Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 48: 101919 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
Diverse Rates of Depression Among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) Across India: Insights from a Multi-site Mixed Method Study |
|
| Cecilia Tomori,Allison M. McFall,Aylur K. Srikrishnan,Shruti H. Mehta,Sunil S. Solomon,Santhanam Anand,Canjeevaram K. Vasudevan,Suniti Solomon,David D. Celentano | | AIDS and Behavior. 2016; 20(2): 304 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
The Prevalence and Predictors of Depression in Type 2 Diabetic Population of Punjab |
|
| Shallu Khullar,Harjot Dhillon,Gurpreet Kaur,Ritu Sharma,Kanchan Mehta,Rohit Aggarwal,Monica Singh,Puneetpal Singh | | Community Mental Health Journal. 2016; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
Systematic Medical Appraisal, Referral and Treatment (SMART) Mental Health Programme for providing innovative mental health care in rural communities in India |
|
| P. K. Maulik,S. Devarapalli,S. Kallakuri,D. Praveen,V. Jha,A. Patel | | Global Mental Health. 2015; 2 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
Cross-sectional study of depression and help-seeking in Uttarakhand, North India |
|
| Kaaren Mathias,Isabel Goicolea,Michelle Kermode,Lawrence Singh,Rahul Shidhaye,Miguel San Sebastian | | BMJ Open. 2015; 5(11): e008992 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 41 |
Postnatal Quality of Life, Depressive Symptoms, and Social Support Among Women in Southern India |
|
| Trupti N. Bodhare,Pruthwiraj Sethi,Samir D. Bele,Dasari Gayatri,Achanta Vivekanand | | Women & Health. 2015; 55(3): 353 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 42 |
Prevalence of depression in patients with type 2 diabetes attending an outpatient clinic in India |
|
| S. Siddiqui,S. Jha,S. Waghdhare,N. B. Agarwal,K. Singh | | Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2014; 90(1068): 552 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 43 |
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 as an Effective Tool for Screening of Depression Among Indian Adolescents |
|
| Samrat Ganguly,Moumita Samanta,Prithwish Roy,Sukanta Chatterjee,David W. Kaplan,Bharati Basu | | Journal of Adolescent Health. 2013; 52(5): 546 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 44 |
Prevalence of unrecognised depression among outpatient department attendees of a rural hospital in Delhi, India |
|
| Kohli, C. and Kishore, J. and Agarwal, P. and Vir Singh, S. | | Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2013; 7(9): 1921-1925 | | [Pubmed] | | | 45 |
Are depressive symptoms more common among British South Asian patients compared with British White patients with cancer? A cross-sectional survey |
|
| Lord, K. and Ibrahim, K. and Kumar, S. and Mitchell, A.J. and Rudd, N. and Symonds, R.P. | | BMJ Open. 2013; 3(6) | | [Pubmed] | | | 46 |
Measurement of prevalence of æmajor depressive syndromeæ among Indian patients attending pain clinic with chronic pain using PHQ-9 scale |
|
| Dutta, D. and Bharati, S. and Roy, C. and Das, G. | | Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology. 2013; 29(1): 76-82 | | [Pubmed] | | | 47 |
Frequency of depression in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients attending ghulam mohammad mahar medical college hospital, Sukkur, Pakistan |
|
| Phulpoto, J.A. and Mohammad, S. | | Rawal Medical Journal. 2012; 37(4): 352-355 | | [Pubmed] | | | 48 |
Subjective assessment of quality of sleep in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patient and its relationship with associated depression |
|
| De, S. | | Lung India. 2012; 29(4): 332-335 | | [Pubmed] | | | 49 |
Measuring trust in healthcare professionals-a study of ethnically diverse UK cancer patients |
|
| Lord, K. and Ibrahim, K. and Kumar, S. and Rudd, N. and Mitchell, A.J. and Symonds, P. | | Clinical Oncology. 2012; 24(1): 13-21 | | [Pubmed] | | | 50 |
Which symptoms are indicative of DSMIV depression in cancer settings? An analysis of the diagnostic significance of somatic and non-somatic symptoms |
|
| Alex J. Mitchell, Karen Lord, Paul Symonds | | Journal of Affective Disorders. 2012; | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 51 |
Evaluation of Major Depressive Disorder in Patients Receiving Chronic Treatment with Topical Timolol |
|
| Shveta Jindal Bali, Twinkle Parmar, Vishal Arora, Parul Ichhpujani, Rajesh Sagar, Tanuj Dada | | Ophthalmologica. 2011; 226(3): 157 | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 52 |
The Beliefs and Knowledge of Patients Newly Diagnosed With Cancer in a UK Ethnically Diverse Population |
|
| K. Lord, A.J. Mitchell, K. Ibrahim, S. Kumar, N. Rudd, P. Symonds | | Clinical Oncology. 2011; | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 53 |
Measuring Trust in Healthcare Professionals—A Study of Ethnically Diverse UK Cancer Patients |
|
| K. Lord, K. Ibrahim, S. Kumar, N. Rudd, A.J. Mitchell, P. Symonds | | Clinical Oncology. 2011; | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 54 |
Preliminary data on the validity and reliability of the Malay version of the NUCOG |
|
| P.K. Chandrasekaran,M.A. Walterfang,D. Velakoulis | | Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2010; 3(4): 186 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 55 |
Prevalence & determinants of depression in type 2 diabetes patients in a tertiary care centre |
|
| Raval, A. and Dhanaraj, E. and Bhansali, A. and Grover, S. and Tiwari, P. | | Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2010; 132(8): 195-200 | | [Pubmed] | | | 56 |
Preliminary data on the validity and reliability of the Malay version of the NUCOG |
|
| Chandrasekaran, P.K., Walterfang, M.A., Velakoulis, D. | | Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2010; 3(4): 186-189 | | [Pubmed] | | | 57 |
An overview of Indian research in depression |
|
| Sandeep Grover, Alakananda Dutt, Ajit Avasthi | | Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2010; 52(7): 178 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 58 |
Fibromyalgia is common and adversely affects pain and fatigue perception in North Indian patients with rheumatoid arthritis |
|
| Dhir, V., Lawrence, A., Aggarwal, A., Misra, R. | | Journal of Rheumatology. 2009; 36(11): 2443-2448 | | [Pubmed] | | | 59 |
Development and evaluation of ′neck pain and functional limitation scale′: A validation study in the Asian context |
|
| Leonard, J.H., Choo, C.P., Manaf, M.R.A., Md Isa, Z.M., Mohd Nordin, N.A., Das, S. | | Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2009; 63(10): 445-454 | | [Pubmed] | | | 60 |
The validation of an instrument to diagnose depression: Beyond the yes/no question |
|
| Fraguas, R., Henriques, S. | | Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2007; 53(2): 85-86 | | [Pubmed] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
