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| CASE REPORT |
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| Year : 2020 | Volume
: 66
| Issue : 3 | Page : 165-168 |
Saphenous vein graft aneurysm – Unusual cause of hemoptysis: A case report and review of literature
BJ Khan1, U Khanolkar2, V Raj3, KG Ashok3
1 Department of Pulmonology, Narayana Health City, Bengaluru, India
2 Department of Cardiology, Narayana Health City, Bengaluru, India
3 Department of Radiology and Imaging Services, Narayana Health City, Bengaluru, India
| Date of Submission | 11-Mar-2020 |
| Date of Decision | 22-Apr-2020 |
| Date of Acceptance | 22-May-2020 |
| Date of Web Publication | 14-Jul-2020 |
Correspondence Address:
B J Khan
Department of Pulmonology, Narayana Health City, Bengaluru
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.JPGM_187_20
Hemoptysis due to saphenous venous graft (SVG) aneurysm is an extremely rare condition and published literature has described the role of conservative management, surgical resection, and covered stent. Here, we report a successful placement of a covered stent for SVG aneurysm in a 56-year-old male who presented with hemoptysis. He was a known diabetic and had undergone a coronary artery bypass grafting 5 years ago. Computed tomography (CT) chest and fiberoptic bronchoscopy performed in another local hospital had revealed blood in the left lingula with spillover into the left lung parenchyma. Hence, he had received empirical anti-tuberculosis medication for 2 months without any improvement. He was referred to our hospital for further management of hemoptysis. Multidetector CT (MDCT) angiography of the chest covering coronaries performed at our hospital revealed SVG aneurysm that was managed with covered stent placement.
Keywords: coronary artery bypass graft, multidetector CT, saphenous vein graft aneurysm
How to cite this article:
Khan B J, Khanolkar U, Raj V, Ashok K G. Saphenous vein graft aneurysm – Unusual cause of hemoptysis: A case report and review of literature. J Postgrad Med 2020;66:165-8 |
How to cite this URL:
Khan B J, Khanolkar U, Raj V, Ashok K G. Saphenous vein graft aneurysm – Unusual cause of hemoptysis: A case report and review of literature. J Postgrad Med [serial online] 2020 [cited 2023 Sep 29];66:165-8. Available from: https://www.jpgmonline.com/text.asp?2020/66/3/165/289758 |
| :: Introduction | |  |
Hemoptysis (expectoration of blood) from tracheobronchial tree is a frequently encountered symptom in daily practice. Hemoptysis poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges across all medical specialties. Bronchiectasis, lung cancer, tuberculosis, lower respiratory tract infections, and mycetoma are the most commonly reported causes of massive hemoptysis, though etiological prevalence varies across different parts of the world.
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures across the world using arterial conduits or saphenous vein graft (SVG). Patency of venous graft reaches 50% at 10 years due to venous insufficiency and varicosities.[1] Aneurysmal dilatation of aorto-coronary SVGs was first described by Riahi et al. in 1975.[2] Aneurysms are generally defined as a focal dilatation of vessels >1.5 times the proximal reference diameter. Mechanical complications, myocardial infarction, aneurysm rupture, hemoptysis, and/or death are reported complications of SVG aneurysm graft. We report a rare case of hemoptysis due to SVG aneurysm, which was initially misdiagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis.
| :: Case Report | | |
A 56-year-old male presented to the outpatient department with a 4-month history of intermittent episodes of mild hemoptysis. Past medical history included uneventful coronary artery bypass grafting with three grafts in 2015 (left internal mammary artery [LIMA] to left anterior descending [LAD], reversed saphenous vein graft [rSVG] to obtuse marginal [OM] and posterolateral branches [PLB]) and type 2 diabetes. He was initially evaluated in their local hospital for hemoptysis. Laboratory investigations including routine CBC, coagulation profile, renal function test and liver function test were within normal limits. CT chest with contrast showed infiltrates in the left lingula. Subsequent fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed blood in the left lingula with no endobronchial lesion. Microbiological work up on BAL fluid for infectious etiology including tuberculosis was negative. He received empirical anti-tuberculosis mediation for 2 months without any clinical improvement.
He presented to our tertiary care hospital for further management of his persistent hemoptysis. He denied any history of fever, night sweats, and weight loss or skin rash. Physical examination showed stable blood pressure with a palpable peripheral pulse. Blood investigations revealed low hemoglobin of 9.7 g/dl, total counts of 7600 cells/mm, platelet count of 3.15 lakh/mm3, PT-INR 0.98 and APTT of 35 seconds (within normal range). Serological markers for connective tissue disease and troponin level were within the normal range.
Electrocardiogram did not reveal any new ischemic changes. Chest x-ray showed left hilar prominence. Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) chest angiography covering coronaries, with ECG gating, showed aneurysm in SVG abutting left lingular bronchus [Figure 1]. The aneurysmal sac was confirmed on catheter coronary angiography and it measured 23 × 23 mm [Figure 2]. | Figure 1: MDCT images at presentation (a and b) and at follow up (c and d). Ground glass changes are seen in lingula (black arrow) in keeping with hemorrhage blood product (a); aneurysm is seen in the saphenous venous graft (SVG) (black star) to obtuse marginal (OM) (b); on follow-up, the blood has cleared (c); and there is a stent in the graft (d) (black arrow)
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A review of fiberoptic bronchoscopy report performed at the previous hospital corroborated the radiological finding of aneurysm eroding lingular bronchus. He underwent successful placement of a covered stent (3.5 mm × 26 mm, Graftmaster, Abbott Vascular, USA). The intervention was performed accessing the right femoral artery by seldinger technique. The SVG was cannulated by a 7F right judkins catheter and the covered stent was carried over a 0.014” whisper wire in the SVG which led to the cessation of hemoptysis [Figure 3]. Anti-tuberculosis medication was discontinued immediately after stent implantation. At his 3 months follow-up, he is clinically stable with no further episodes of hemoptysis. | Figure 3: Three-dimensional MDCT images showing the SVG aneurysm (white arrow) along the in course of the graft to OM (broken arrow) (a and b). Post-procedure images (c and d) show a stent in the graft (white arrow) with resolution of the aneurysm
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| :: Discussion | | |
Hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood from tracheobronchial tree with severity ranging from blood-streaked sputum to massive hemoptysis. The etiology of hemoptysis is quite vast as it is primarily categorized into parenchymal, airway or vascular diseases. Chest x-ray, MDCT chest angiography, digital subtraction angiography and bronchoscopy are the primary method for establishing the diagnosis and site of bleeding.[3]
The rupture of a SVG aneurysm causing hemoptysis is an unusual complication after CABG. Chest pain/Angina, shortness of breath and myocardial infarction are more common presentation of SVG aneurysm. Although SVG aneurysm is a rare phenomenon with an incidence of 0.07%, it carries reported mortality of 13.9%.[4] SVG can have early (<12 months) or late presentation. While the early presentation is attributed to infection of the implanted graft, intrinsic weakness of the venous wall, technical preparation of the graft, possible causes of late presentation are atherosclerotic degeneration, graft endothelial dysfunction, and changes in medial smooth muscle cell orientation in the vicinity of valve sites. The venous graft aneurysms tend to rupture, thrombose or embolize.[5],[6] Most SVG aneurysms are managed either with the placement of covered stent, coil embolization or surgical resection of the aneurysm.[7],[8] [Table 1] shows the related published literature on hemoptysis in SVG aneurysm and its management. | Table 1: Published literature on hemoptysis in SVG aneurysm and its management
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In our case, a careful review of the MDCT chest angiography revealed SVG aneurysm that was eroding left lingula airway. The multidisciplinary team decided to proceed with the deployment of covered stent instead of the coil as during active hemoptysis coil embolization does not provide an active seal of fistula aneurysm leading to the cessation of hemoptysis.
In conclusion, the rupture of an SVG aneurysm causing hemoptysis is an infrequent complication after CABG, which can present as massive hemoptysis occasionally. It is of utmost importance that the treating physician should be aware of such an unusual cause of hemoptysis, so that the right diagnosis and timely intervention can be taken. Misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis can have severe consequences leading to significant morbidity and mortality. With this case report and review of the relevant literature, we hope to improve the etiological diagnosis and management of hemoptysis across medical fraternity.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that appropriate patient consent was obtained.
Acknowledgements
The authors would acknowledge Dr. Ishan Kapoor (Pulmonology department, Narayana Hrudayalaya), for his help in collecting case details and Dr. V.M. Annapandian (Academic department, Narayana Hrudayalaya) for his help in technical editing of this manuscript.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.[15]
| :: References | | |
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| 2. | Riahi M, Vasu CM, Tomatis LA, Schlosser RJ, Zimmerman G. Aneurysm of saphenous vein bypass graft to coronary artery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1975;70:358-9. |
| 3. | Larici AR, Franchi P, Occhipinti M. Diagnosis and management of hemoptysis. Diagn Interv Radiol 2014;20:299-309. |
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| 12. | Khalpey Z, Bedzra E, Stella MH, Myers PO. Giant vein graft pseudoaneurysm with pulmonary hemorrhage. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012;144:e14-6. |
| 13. | Mylonas I, Sakata Y, Salinger MH, Feldman T. Successful closure of a giant true saphenous vein graft aneurysm using the Amplatzer vascular plug. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006;67:611-6. |
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| 15. | Ivert T, Orre L. Right thoracotomy for saphenous vein graft aneurysm causing hemoptysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;81:1885-7. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
[Table 1]
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