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Cutaneous lesions on the legs
S Manohar Putta, Akheel A Syed, JH Parr
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, South Tyneside District Hospital, Harton Lane, South Shields, Tyne and Wear NE34 OPL, United Kingdom
Correspondence Address:
Akheel A Syed
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, South Tyneside District Hospital, Harton Lane, South Shields, Tyne and Wear NE34 OPL
United Kingdom
How to cite this article:
Putta S M, Syed AA, Parr J H. Cutaneous lesions on the legs.J Postgrad Med 2005;51:127-130
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How to cite this URL:
Putta S M, Syed AA, Parr J H. Cutaneous lesions on the legs. J Postgrad Med [serial online] 2005 [cited 2023 Jun 8 ];51:127-130
Available from: https://www.jpgmonline.com/text.asp?2005/51/2/127/16378 |
Full Text
A 34-year-old woman had several symmetrically located, well-circumscribed, non-ulcerating, waxy, red-brown plaques on her lower limbs [Figure 1]. The first lesion appeared 13 years ago. She was concerned about the cosmetic appearance.
Questions
What is the diagnosis?What is the systemic association with this dermatosis?
These cutaneous lesions are characteristic of necrobiosis lipoidica (NL). They are typically multiple, bilateral, and located on the lower legs, most commonly pretibially[1] and occasionally on the thighs, ankles and feet, but rarely on the trunk, upper limbs and scalp. Early lesions appear as rounded, dull red, symptom-less papules or plaques that progress slowly and indurate with central atrophy. The lesions have a shiny surface and a waxy, yellowish central area with prominent telangiectasias. The margins may carry comedone-like plugs. Koebner's phenomenon occurs in some patients. The clinical and histopathological differential diagnoses include rheumatoid nodules, granuloma annulare, necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, sarcoidosis, morphea, stasis dermatitis, subacute nodular migratory panniculitis, erythema nodosum, erythema induratum, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, tertiary syphilis, radiodermatitis, sclerosing lipogranuloma, and Hansen's disease.[2]
An association with diabetes mellitus has been recognized for a long time. NL was originally termed dermatitis atrophicans lipoidica diabeatica (Oppenheim 1929) and later renamed necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (Urbach 1932). In one large series, 111 of 171 patients (65%) with NL had diabetes mellitus at presentation;[3] it preceded the onset of diabetes in 15% of patients. Its prevalence is 0.3% in people with diabetes, is three times commoner in women, and occurs usually before 30 years of age. In our patient, Type 1 diabetes occurred two years prior to the first lesion. Her glycaemic control was poor and she had diabetic retinopathy as well.
The aetiology remains obscure, but is not a microangiopathy and not associated with glycaemic control or chronic diabetic complications. Antibody-mediated vasculitis and abnormalities of collagen are the other chief putative mechanisms. Histologically, NL occurs as palisading or pseudotuberculoid granulomatous lesions[1] consisting of foci of degenerate collagen bundles with a hyalinized appearance, surrounded by fibrosis, a diffuse infiltrate of histiocytes and a giant-cell granulomatous reaction. Capillary wall thickening and microvascular occlusion are often present.
Treatment of NL is unsatisfactory with cosmetic camouflage the preferred option. Regression of lesions does not correlate with improved glycaemic control. Topical or intralesional corticosteriods may improve early NL.[3] Psolarens and ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy can improve patients not responsive to steriods.[4] Antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and dipyridamole has shown no benefit[5] but anecdotal reports with pentoxyfilline, tretinoin, nicotinic acid, topical tacrolimus, cyclosporine, and infliximab have all documented benefits. Excision and skin grafting may help some. Other complications include ulceration following trauma, occasionally infections and rarely squamous cell carcinoma.
References
| 1 | Lynch JM, Barrett TL. Collagenolytic (necrobiotic) granulomas: part II-the 'red' granulomas. J Cutan Pathol 2004;31:409-18. |
| 2 | Lowitt MH, Dover JS. Necrobiosis lipoidica. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:735-48. |
| 3 | Muller SA, Winkelmann RK. Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. A clinical and pathological investigation of 171 cases. Arch Dermatol 1966;93:272-81. |
| 4 | De Rie MA, Sommer A, Hoekzema R, Neumann HA. Treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica with topical psoralen plus ultraviolet A. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:743-7. |
| 5 | Statham BN, Finlay AY, Marks R. Aspirin and dipyridamole ineffective in treatment of necrobiosis lipoidica. N Engl J Med 1980;303:1419. |
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